Types Of Therapy Used For Treating Personality Disorders

The two major types of therapy used to treat personality disorders are cognitive and behavioral therapy, and a lot of the time, a merge between the two called cognitive behavior therapy. The effectiveness of these three types of therapy on those suffering from depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and panic disorders has been discussed and tested for years. The effectiveness of these therapies on the discussed disorders varies greatly, but has been proven by several studies. A definitive yes or no cannot answer the question to whether or not a therapy is effective, for every person and every therapist is different. However, the data on these therapies can be analyzed and be used to show which therapy might be better for a†¦show more content†¦It was found that the response rate after eight weeks of the people who were on medication and those who had cognitive therapy were both much higher than those who received the placebo (DeRubeis et al. 2005). The study condu cted by DeRubeis et al (2005) concluded that, â€Å"cognitive therapy can be as effective as medications for the initial treatment of moderate to severe major depression.† (p.1). However, other studies have shown that cognitive therapy may work as well or better than antidepressants in the long run. Patients who were treated with cognitive therapy were found less likely to relapse than those who were on antidepressants in one study (Gloaguen et al, 1998). According to Beck (1993), cognitive therapy is significantly more effective than medication on one year and two year follow ups. A study done by Hollon, Shelton, and Loosen (1991) proved that the relapse rate for cognitive therapy was thirty percent compared to the relapse rate of sixty percent for people who were on medication. In an article comparing cognitive behavioral therapy to other therapies, Parker, Roy, and Eyers (2003) conclude that cognitive behavior therapy might in fact be superior to antidepressant medications . Parker et al (2003) mentioned people with depression that might not be able to take or tolerate medication or people who are pregnant. Cognitive behavior therapy is a good tool for those who cannot take medication. The studies I have researched all proved that cognitive

Essay on Freuds Concept of the Uncanny - 1086 Words

When a person experiences chills or goose bumps as a reaction to something strange or unusual, they are being affected by a sense of uncanniness. The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud endeavored to explain this feeling of uncanniness in his essay entitled â€Å"The Uncanny†. Freud’s theory focuses around two different causes for this reaction. Freud attributes the feeling of uncanniness to repressed infantile complexes that have been revived by some impression, or when primitive beliefs that have been surmounted seem once more to be confirmed. The first point of his theory that Freud discusses in the essay is the repression of infantile complexes that cause an uncanny experience. Freud†¦show more content†¦This statement is supported by the laws of ancient Greek society which would have called for his castration due to the incest with his mother. While the infantile castration complex is the only one Freud goes into detail with in the essay, there are many others that would cause uncanniness if they were revived. The reason for this is that once the child grows up these complexes are hidden deep within the subconscious and are totally without logical reason. The adult does not realize that he fears castration, instead he can only rationally explain his fear as that of being blinded. The feelings of childhood remain with us throughout adult life but they are only faintly perceptible, and this too can cause uncanniness. The foggy remembrance of a sensation that can no longer be grasped but still affects our emotions in ways that we can not explain to ourselves. The second point of Freud’s theory states that uncanniness is experienced when primitive beliefs which have been surmounted seem once more to be confirmed. These surmounted beliefs are usually beliefs concerning the after-life, magic, and other such supernatural things that were once part of early man’s belief system. This part of his theory is closely connected to superstition. For example, most modern individuals do not believe in the existence of ghosts, yet some religions bless houses. The question arises then, whyShow MoreRelatedFear Oneself : Freud s View On Psychoanalysis Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesFear Oneself: Freud’s View on Psychoanalysis â€Å"There is no question therefore, of any intellectual uncertainty here: we know now that we are not supposed to be looking on at the products of a madman’s imagination, behind which we, with superiority of rational minds, are able to detect the sober truth; and yet this knowledge does not lessen the impression of uncanniness in the least degree† (Freud 424). Freud’s concept of psychoanalysis revolves around and into the minds of characters in every literaryRead MoreFreuds Interpretations of Uncanny Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesFreud’s concept of the â€Å"uncanny† is a highly influential and valued in psychoanalysis and literature. As Freud explains, it reveals much about his understanding of human beings as being essentially determined by their fears and unconscious desires. His interpretation of uncanny can be analyzed in two ways: linguistic and actual. In the beginning, he starts with the term â€Å"uncanny†, which is taken from Ger man word â€Å"unheimlich†, literally meaning â€Å"un-home-like† – something unfamiliar and unknown, neverRead MoreEssay on Nella Larsens Passing1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of the uncanny can be a difficult one to comprehend; this is why Freud begins his essay with an analysis of the different definitions of the uncanny in various languages. Ultimately Freud rests that the German terms â€Å"heimlich† and â€Å"unheimlich† best match the definition of the uncanny because it is translated as familiar and unfamiliar. The uncanny can be defined as something that creates a feeling of familiarity but also unfamiliarity, and this unfamiliarity is what is fearful to theRead Morequot;The Monkeys Pawquot;: A Freudian Perspective Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesIf The Monkeys Paw is uncanny or not is a topic quite debatable, mainly because of the role the reader has in determining the uncertain events which appear in the story. Anyhow, if the stor y is read according to Freuds point of view of what the uncanny is, the reader can surely state that The Monkeys Paw is an uncanny story. There are many elements that are stated in Freuds conception which can be implicitly related to the story, such as the fact of coincidence. But first of all, it is importantRead MoreThe Uncanny And Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1746 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Commentary Freud’s The Uncanny and Emily Brontà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights The principal idea in Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of The Uncanny theory centres around the Heimlich, translating to ‘homely’ and thus, what is familiar, and the Unheimlich, which is often translated to what is ‘Uncanny’ defined as ‘what is [†¦] frightening precisely because it is not known and familiar’ (Freud, 1919) or later described as something that is ‘secretly familiar which has undergone repression’Read MoreThe Uncanny Of Sleeping Beauty And Her Children1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Uncanny of Sleeping Beauty and Her Children Psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, constructed his theory of the uncanny, in a simplified conclusion as the ability for the conscious mind to recall or find â€Å"something familiar and frightening† within his essay â€Å"The Uncanny† as shared in Literary Theory: An Anthology. The first portion of the essay serves in effort to breakdown the reasoning for the term to lend us meaning, in short he provides us with the etymology of uncanny. We learn of its GermanRead MorePowers of Horror by Julia Kristeva, Questions and Answers1384 Words   |  6 Pagesnative’s stranger a sense of ‘anxiety’ (Kristeva 1991: 183) prevails. Kristeva’s notion of the ‘stranger to our self’ stems from Freud’s breakthrough essay The Uncanny. Freudian hermeneutics explores and decodes the paradox of the ‘Un-heimliche’ known as the ‘uncanny’. The uncanny, for Freud, is the fear of the ‘unfamiliar’ (Freud 1919: 2). Kristeva endeavors to develop on Freud’s psychoanalytical essay by demonstrating how we are unquestionably aliens in our own identities. Referencing Freud she promotesRead MoreComparison Of Freud And Jentsch s Concept Of The Uncanny1143 Words   |  5 Pagesnotion of â€Å"uncanny.†   Previous studies were conducted on this subject by the German psychologist Ernst Anton Jentsch, and served as the starting point for Freud’s analysis. However, the feeling of â€Å"uncanny† was not an easy concept to identify. Jentsch concluded that it fits in the area of the fear of the unfamiliar and intellectual uncertainty. Freud, with some opposition to Jentsch’s investigation, took it further from what Jentsch concluded. Freud theorizes that â€Å"the ‘uncanny’ is that classRead MoreThe Origins Of The Female Vampire1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmirroring Victorian society’s angst of female sexuality. Le Fanu’s story ‘Carmilla’ treats vampirism as the means for bringing the repressed desires, ‘the unspeakable’, to life. Le Fanu s gothic story ‘Carmilla’ deals with the discovery of the uncanny monster that is ultimately revealed in human nature. In the Prologue of the story, Le Fanu hints the main theme of human nature and its dualism by indicating that the story is involving, not improbably, some of the profoundest arcana of ourRead MoreMarx, Nietzsche, And Marx : A Critical Analysis Of The Hermeneutics Of Criticity1268 Words   |  6 Pagesguilt are up to question as through genealogy one observes that the concept of consciousness was a natural instinct the man was born with. Nietzsche says, â€Å"the consciousness of this rare freedom and power over himself and his destiny, has penetrated him to his lowest depths, and become an instinct, his dominant instinct†¦this sovereign human being calls it his conscience† (Marx, 496). This puts into doubt and question the concepts of â€Å"consciousness of guilt† and â€Å"bad conscience.† Genealogy allows

Eight Step to Integrity Free Essays

3/26/2013 Eight Steps toward Integrity The eight steps toward integrity are very important when working in a business in this situation they can be used very wisely. The eight steps are doing what we say we will do: It includes keeping promises and meeting deadlines. Doing the right thing: With the awareness of what’s right comes the obligation of right action. We will write a custom essay sample on Eight Step to Integrity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Taking responsibility: Acknowledge our complete, sole responsibility for every one of our actions. Supporting our own weight: This means functioning as a whole, being able to support all the elements of our own lives. Defining the rules and values: Explicit agreement about these basics enables groups of people, from couples to business organizations to nations, to benefit from the integrity of members. Checking the mirror: Is when we err—as we will, again and again—the best response is to pause for reflection obscure the big picture. Respecting others: Invoke integrity in other people by treating them with respect—even when they do not live up to our expectations. Holistic thinking: Since integrity is a quality of wholeness, an appreciation of wholeness in the world supports its practice. Delman and the location managers have many of the eight steps that apply to them in this situation Frist, Doing what they say they will do. Delman and the Manages need to be true to their word. If they are going to tell the government inspector that they provide the food for his department holiday party that exactly what they need to do. There is no need for the team to go back on their word. Second, doing the right thing if the law tells the team that things in the business need to be changed because of the new local health codes that are what Delman and the mangers should do. Doing the right thing is not hard to do it is a person just having the willing heart and mind to do so that’s all it takes. Third, Taking Reasonability that what Delman need to do he has to realize he has to make the changes in the business and he as the final say so that needs to be done. Delman needs to know that other people and outside events are not the cause of problems. When we see something in the world that we don’t like, we recognize our personal responsibility. Knowing your responsibility in life is good but we still need to know how to respect other and their ideas. Make sure we are doing thing the right way. Delman has to make sure he gets the best from others in an atmosphere that supports doing right. Fifth, Defining the rules and values what are the thing to be done follow them. Delman and the managers have to follow rules to get the government to do what they have to do Delman need to make sure they hold up the end of the stick. Because it is said absent consensus, personal integrity can lead dissenting individuals to subvert the group. Delman needs people sharing the same intentions, by contrast, disagreements can help to refine and improve ideas for the benefit of all. I have chosen five out of the eight steps that I feel that Delman and the Sale Managers need to follow in this situation. Delman and Lei are running a great business some of the things need to be changed just to improve it and make thing correct according to the legal health codes. I feel if they follow the step I have recommended will help them out a lot and make things go smoother and I can say I think well. How to cite Eight Step to Integrity, Essay examples

Independence and Me free essay sample

Being born as an Indian is a prestigious honour for me. I feel extremely elated when I possess and feel the patriotism towards my self-reliant country which was an English colony for long and tiring two hundred years. Being a student; often referred to as the future of the nation; it is my utmost responsibility to pay back the interest of the investment which the country had made on me by feeding and nurturing me. As an economics student I got this opportunity to study and analyse the economic history of India. Before the colonisation; the Indian subcontinent had a strong economic base. Trade flourished. But the land was soon invaded. By the advent of the British Raj; India never witnessed such a success. The Indian resources were taken under the British monopoly; the Indians were treated as apathy. Since my childhood I have always been taught about the Indian freedom struggle, the economic setback and the political instability. We will write a custom essay sample on Independence and Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, now as I am at the verge of completing my schooling, my main objective to study further is to do justice to my country. According to my philosophy, the more educated a society is; the more developed and civilised it is. The society’s performance in the urban areas is doing pretty well. But still there is a drawback; and that is; the increasing number of crime against females. On the other hand; the rural areas still lack behind. More than 60 per cent of the rural population are engaged in agriculture. Many people carry this misconception that it means that they cannot survive in the cities and that is why they work in the farms. But I think differently. India is blessed with favourable geographic conditions for agriculture and hence the country must invest in this sector. We have already witnessed a success christened ‘The Green Revolution’. But to carry out with that success is what I am looking forward to. By educating the farmers about what is good for their farms, we can achieve glorious results. If we lean a bit towards the health and sanitation aspect of the nation; we see depressing results. The resources are less, the population is more. To educate people about family planning is the need of the hour. As we all have already observed that the medical facilities here in India are not up to the mark; and that what I mean to say is; the number of super-speciality hospitals in India are handful. Therefore it necessary now to follow a renowned saying; that is; ‘Prevention is better than Cure’. In other words by educating people that smoking and chewing tobacco is injurious to health, exercising is good for health, and so on might help to elongate the lifespan of a person. Workers in good health contributes more towards the development. Similarly, by educating people about the need to follow the rules and regulations, law and order will lead to smooth functioning on an institution. Till now, as we have seen that how imperative education is; both in a personal as well as a political and economic level; I aim at developing my carrier in the field of education which will simultaneously serve my motherland India. At present I am sixteen years of age; and within no time I will be eighteen. The Indian government allows me both; the right to get married and the right to vote; at the age of eighteen. Many ‘newly adult girls’ are pushed by their parents to get married at put a halt at all their ambition. Thankfully I am blessed with liberal parents and they will not do anything of similar sorts with me. I am right now just observing and getting pregnant with the potentials in my society so that I can take the advantage of ‘Universal Adult Franchise’ with optimum enthusiasm.

The Apollo Program Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Apollo Program Essay, Research Paper The Apollo Program ( 1963 # 8211 ; 1972 ) # 8220 ; That # 8217 ; s one little measure for a adult male, one giant spring for a mankind. # 8221 ; The national attempt that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to talk those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface, and fulfilled a dream every bit old as humanity. But Project Apollo # 8217 ; s ends went beyond landing Americans on the Moon and returning them safely to Earth. Some of the chief ends of this experiment were: to set up the engineering to run into other national involvements in infinite ; to accomplish distinction in infinite for the United States ; to transport out a plan of scientific ex- ploration of the Moon ; and to even more develop adult male # 8217 ; s already first-class capableness to work in the lunar environment. Six of the missions achieved the end of set downing on the Moon, and safely returning to Earth. Apollos 7 and 9 were Earth revolving missions to prove the Command and Lunar Modules, and did non return lunar informations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apollo Program Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Apollos 8 and 10 tested assorted constituents while revolving the Moon, and returned picture taking of the lunar surface. Apollo 13 did non set down on the Moon at all due to a malfunction, but besides returned exposures. The six missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth of scientific digital audiotape a and about 400 kgs of lunar samples. Experiments included dirt mechanics, meteoroids, seismal, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic Fieldss, and solar air current experiments. Apollo was a three-part ballistic capsule: the bid faculty ( CM ) , the crew # 8217 ; s quarters and flight control subdivision ; the service faculty ( SM ) for the propulsion and spacecraft support systems ( when together, the two faculties are called CSM ) ; and the lunar faculty ( LM ) , to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, back up them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar orbit. The flight manner, lunar orbit rendezvous, was selected in 1962. The supporters for the plan were the Saturn IB for Earth orbit flights and the Saturn V for lunar flights. Between the 1940 # 8217 ; s and present twenty-four hours, some 30,000 innovations have been conceived, spawned, nurtured and developed in one manner or another as a direct consequence of infinite geographic expedition. Telecommunications, medical research, computing machine engineering, agribusiness, weather analysis prediction and tonss of other industries have profited via the accelerator of infinite geographic expedition. Not a batch of people would detect this, but every aspect of life on Earth has been dramatically affected by what we # 8217 ; ve learned from the survey of infinite.

5 Cases of Dangling Modifiers

5 Cases of Dangling Modifiers 5 Cases of Dangling Modifiers 5 Cases of Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol Take care that when you begin a sentence with a subordinate clause- a string of words that does not stand on its own as a complete statement but supports the main clause- the modifying phrase pertains to the sentence’s subject and not to some other noun or noun phrase. Here are five sentences that fail the test, with explanations and revisions. 1. Despite being reluctant to start a film career, Alan Rickman’s initial foray into cinema found him nearly stealing Die Hard away from Bruce Willis and cementing his status as a master of memorable bad guys. This sentence suggests that Alan Rickman’s movie debut was reluctant to begin a career in film. The modifying phrase must refer specifically to the person, not to a reference to something about the person, to repair this illogical error; simply insert his name, change the adjective reluctant to the noun reluctance, and, in the subject of the sentence, change his name to a pronoun: â€Å"Despite Alan Rickman’s reluctance about starting a film career, his initial foray into cinema found him nearly stealing Die Hard away from Bruce Willis and cementing his status as a master of memorable bad guys.† 2. Stopped up on blocks, I can see the boat from keel to top deck. Writers (or their editors) can often fix dangling modifiers- here, the writer describes herself, not the boat, as being stopped up on blocks- by starting the sentence with a subject and inserting the modifier as a parenthetical in the middle of the sentence: â€Å"I can see the boat, stopped up on blocks, from keel to top deck.† 3. Undrafted in 1987, the team welcomed John Smith to the franchise. John Smith, not the team, was undrafted in 1987, so, as with the previous example, exchange the modifying phrase and the subject to create a correct sentence: â€Å"The team welcomed John Smith, undrafted in 1987, to the franchise. 4. Bottled at the source, natural pressure forces the water toward a sealed delivery system. Again, starting with the subject is usually the best approach to repairing a dangling modifier. The water, not natural pressure, is bottled at the source, as is obvious in this revision: â€Å"The water, bottled at the source, is carried by natural pressure toward a sealed delivery system.† 5. With a successful track record at a young age, Smith decided that Jones was the man for the job. Who has the successful track record at a young age? The context may not be clear from this sentence presented in isolation, but Smith, the prospective employer, is impressed with job candidate Jones’s background, though the impressive track record could also pertain to Smith, so Jones’s name should be attached to the achievement to make it clear that this is what Smith finds appealing about Jones: â€Å"With Jones’s successful track record at a young age, Smith decided that he was the man for the job.† Better yet, also provide the sentence with a stronger start to replace the weak with: â€Å"Impressed by Jones’s successful track record at a young age, Smith decided that he was the man for the job.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneWriting a Thank You Note

European Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Economic Growth - Essay Example This global financial crisis tagged with dire housing market corrections has resulted in a peculiarly uncertain situation (European Commission). The resultant shock has reduced the domestic demand throughout the EU, which is pathetically debilitating considering the fact that the external demand is already on the ebb (European Commission). The autumn economic forecast published by the European Commission in November 2008 reflects a crucial stagnation of the EU economy by the end of the year 2009. Though the inflationary pressures are expected to ease, the labour market and the financial sector is predicted to deteriorate even further (European Commission). Most of the European economies are either already in or are on the verge of facing a recessionary situation and the economic growth is expected to dip down even further (European Commission). As per the current estimates, the GDP growth in the EU is projected to retard to 1.4 percent by the end of the year 2008 and will dip down to a worrying figure of 1.1 percent by 2010 (European Commission). The consumer price inflation that has already achieved its peak level is expected to plummet to 2.25 percent in 2009 and to approximately 2 percent by the end of the year 2010 (European Commission). ... prices and a relative softening of the labour markets because of the bleak prospects pertaining to the overall economic growth (European Commission).(European Commission) The labour markets are already being impacted by stagnation in the economic growth and this is expected to give way to a drastic fall in the employment levels throughout the EU. The employment situation is expected to ease beyond 2009 (European Commission). That will lead to the creation of 0.25 million jobs in the EU in 2009-2010 (European Commission). However, this increase is strikingly less as compared to 6 million jobs created in the EU in 2007-2008 (European Commission). Thus the unemployment rate in the EU is expected to appreciate by 1 percent in the next two years, thus achieving an overall figure of 7.8 percent (European Commission).So far as the public finances are concerned, the present circumstances portend a bleak scenario. The deficit in the government budgets that was roughly 1 percent of GDP in 2007 is expected to appreciate to 2.6 percent by 2010 (European Commission)(European Commission) Considering the fiscal and monetary packages being extended by the governments to resuscitate the ailing economies, the budgetary deficits may rise even further in the times to come (European Commission). Thus, realistically speaking, the public debt is expected to further rise as this economic crisis worsens. The current prospects pertaining to the economic growth in the EU are enveloped in a mist of uncertainty, doubts and apprehensions. The existing credit crunch may worsen, persist for a longer period of time and perhaps could have a more debilitating impact on the EU economy. Further corrections in the housing market may be required

Operations Management - Managing Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations Management - Managing Quality - Essay Example Here are my recommendations for improving the speed and quality of loan requests department. Firstly, we should amend the loan approval procedure for consumers by categorizing consumers in two categories. First category should be of new customers or the people availing this service from us first time. Consumers availing this service from us second time or more should be constitutes the second category. The checking criteria for providing loan to the customers of first category should be very strict while people from second category should be provided loan to nearly previous amount of money checking the client's relationship with the bank in previous transaction or transactions. I also suggest changing the payment method of the loan underwriters from time period basis to the combination of time based salary plus incentive with respect to number of loan requests processed. In this way the loan underwriters will try to complete maximum number of loan requests in order to gain more incentive. Complexities and deficiencies in quality measurement are, in part, associated with the intricacies in defining quality and the varied application of the term. The term quality stands for a high level of quality in an economic terms but the term quality to explain fitness for purpose is the one that is most pertinent to the development of performance indicators for contracts.

Affordances of an Educational Technology Tool (Blogs) Essay

Affordances of an Educational Technology Tool (Blogs) - Essay Example As the paper stresses Bogging as an ICT tool in the math classroom and other academic contexts, for that matter, has benefits as â€Å"a method of public discourse of the information society†.The â€Å"blog† as a tool of information and communication technology exhibits strengths in â€Å"the innovative possibilities for interactive relationships between learner and the ICT system†¦the blog is a method of discourse and discussion which opens up new possibilities for illustrating instructional learning tasks and facilitating the understanding and comprehension of mathematical phenomena† . According to the report findings participating in ‘collaborative construction of knowledge’ is an effective strength of blogging. The instructional method of ‘co-operative learning’ is often effectively demonstrated in the ICT learning environment. Blogging offers the opportunities for dialogue and discussion that are both motivational and social in educational context, including the mathematics classroom. Developmental and cognitive elaborations (from teachers and students) provide the opportunities and affordances of learning resources and support, i.e. The ICT collaborative learning camps. 'Collaborative constructions of knowledge’ are the learning outcomes of deductive/inductive logic, blogging of math theories, blogging on cognitive perspectives. ICT, with use of blogging techniques, â€Å"focuses on collaboration through the computer or computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), assisted by different network-based collaborative tools, wi thin the math classrooms†.

General Engineering Principles and Systems Theory

General Engineering Principles and Systems Theory Engineering and Socio-technical Philosophies Developing information systems is a creative effort which requires insight and judgement skills. There are two common approaches which are ‘Engineering’ and ‘Socio-technical’ used in systems development. Each of these approaches is explained below and a summary of the comparison is given afterwards. Engineering has been significant in creating a fundamental approach for development of information systems and with a driving concern of developing a complex technical system. Inefficiencies in systems development process often results into problematic technical systems, attempts to improve on the situation have drawn majorly on general engineering principles and systems theory. Systems engineering, which emphasizes studying total systems without their isolated components and systems analysis are rooted in the systems theory, they proceed to achieve a task systematically and produce the best system (Avgerou Cornford 1993). They are said to be corresponding to the traditional life cycle which has often been criticized not to be appropriate when dealing with unclear requirements but systems analysis has developed to lay more emphasis on efforts for examining the problem area and agreeing on requirements for a satisfactory system as opposed to an optimal solution (ibid). The engineering approach has grown stronger over time taking the form of different specialized disciplines, the best known to be software engineering. The aim of software engineering is to change semi-structured development practices to a systematic process which is effective, controllable and able to improve software quality. Despite its significance, applicability to IS development has been limited because a fully formal process of development as it depicts has been seen by most to be impractical or undesirable for IS development. It has been said to be impractical because of lack of formal theories to describe organisational behaviour and ‘formal models to capture the richness of the application domains’ (Avgerou Cornford 1993:146). Several efforts have been made to include methods which support human creativity and user participation, some of these are use of DFDs and Prototyping. Overall, though software engineering has responded to the requirements of human aspect of systems development, ‘its perspective is still that of the efficient development of a technical product’ (Avgerou Cornford 1993:147). Some other forms of the engineering approach which are aimed at improving certain aspects of system development are Knowledge engineering and Human-computer interaction†¦their approach is still that of engineering a technical system (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Socio-technical, as another approach to system development, has been defined by Coakes (2002:5) as ‘ †¦ [exploring] the relationships and interrelationships between the social and technical parts of any system’ and is controlled by social change and human communication theories (Avgerou Cornford 1993). It sees IS development process as an intervention to improve communication between people and how tasks are carried out in an organisation. As opposed to Engineering, IS is seen as involving people and not isolated technical constructs (Tatnall 2003; Avgerou Cornford 1993). Its goal is to develop a system with which people can carry out their tasks effectively and achieve satisfaction and personal development (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Laudon and Laudon (2006:28) mention that: In a socio-technical perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organisation mutually adjust to one another until a satisfactory fit is obtained. The socio-technical approach in IS development expresses a combination of practical, ethical and theoretical concerns. The main practical concern being that IT-based systems often fail to bring the required benefits even though they are well designed due to the fact that ‘the social dynamics of [an] organisation †¦ may override the intended performance of the technical system’ (Avgerou Cornford 1993: 151). This approach seeks to address issues such as resistance to change towards a new IS in organisations by focusing on the human requirements and social dynamics all through the process of development. The ethical concern is of the notion that workers should also gain from the benefits the new technology provides in their workplace in order to promote work environment that is satisfactory (Avgerou Cornford 1993; Coakes 2003). Some of the most widely known demonstrations of this approach are Participation and Job design. It is suggested that not only should users be the source of requirements specification but also deeply involved in the process of development and ‘achieving effective participation has proved a non- trivial matter in practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Avgerou Cornford 1993:154). Land and Hirschheim (1983:155) identify different categories of users who might be affected by a new system directly or indirectly and also differentiate between two participation types which are ‘participation in decision making about the project’ and ‘participation in the actual analysis and design’. The first could be consultative only while the second might be consultative, representative or consensus (ibid.). As mentioned earlier, there are difficulties to having user participation (Cavaye 1995) but should only serve as obstacles to overcome and not arguments in opposition to wider invol vement in IS development (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Job design, another form of this approach, ‘leads the development process towards restructuring the work environment where a new information system would be used and aimed at providing satisfactory work conditions for the employees’ (Avgerou Cornford 1993). Mumford and Weir (1979) contribute to this aspect by introducing the ETHICS methodology. Having discussed each of these, a summary of the comparison is drawn (figure 1.0). It is necessary to point out the implications of these approaches on the whole process of IS development as they are used as a basis for systems development. Engineering as a hard systems approach, has dominated in computer systems development and results into a system that is technically perfect but faced with resistance from the users and could be ignored eventually (Platt Warwick 1995). This is due to certain assumptions this approach makes (Curtis Graham 2008) such as: Engineering perspective applies in all case and solutions should be mathematically/logically based. Attention to the social or organisational aspects of the system not essential. Emphasis on linear problem solving. An example is the case of Wessex Area Health (Clarke Lehaney 2000). On the otherhand, the socio-technical approach helps to consider both the social and technical aspects of a system (Laudon Laudon 2006), arguing that ‘the social and technical systems†¦cannot be designed independently of each other’ (Curtis Graham 2005:581) so with its emphasis on user participation, user acceptance can be achieved thereby resulting into a success (Avison Fitzgerald 2003; Coakes 2003), for example, as proved by the case of Bill payment system (Fisher 2003), the failure and later success of London Ambulance service (Clarke Lehaney 2000; Grant et al 2010). Avison and Fitzgerald (1995) also claim that participation might result in resentment from either analysts or users. Information Systems Development Methodology It is defined as ‘a collection of procedures, tools, and documentation aids which will help the systems developers in their efforts to implement a new information system’ (Avison Fitzgerald 2003:20). There are many methodologies, some of which are ETHICS, SSM, DSDM and they differ from one another mostly in terms of objectives. The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) will be considered in this essay. Philosophical root SSM was introduced by Peter CheckLand with the contributions of other researchers in Lancaster University. They started an action research programme by using hard systems engineering as a framework in unsuitable circumstances whereby problems were not clearly defined but this attempt failed so SSM was introduced as an alternative (Checkland Scholes 1990). The failure led to the rethink of the rudiments of systems thinking (ibid.) and a deep analysis of the basic assumptions behind this and systems development (Fitzgerald et al 2002). It was put forward that ‘systems thinking takes seriously the idea of a whole entity which may exhibit properties as a single whole (‘emergent properties’)’ and there are two complementary traditions within it namely the ‘hard’ tradition which takes the world as systemic and the ‘soft’ tradition that ‘creates the process of enquiry as a system’ (Checkland Scholes 1990:25). Based on this, Checkland and Scholes (1990:25) refer to SSM as: a systemic process of enquiry which also happens to make use of systems model. It thus subsumes the hard approach, which is a special case of it, one arising when there is local agreement on some system to be engineered. They also claim that to have a better understanding of this, the word ‘holon’ should be used surrendering the word ‘system’ to everyday language and avoiding its use as a technical term. SSM uses a specific type of holon which they referred to as Human activity system(HAS), a set of activities that are connected in order to make a purposeful whole, created to meet the core system image requirement(ibid.). The HAS recognizes the importance of people in organisations due to the fact that it is necessary to include people in order to understand the real world (Avison Fitzgerald 2003). Therefore, this methodology is regarded as a soft systems approach which Avison and Fitzgerald (2003) claim that is the most appropriate for understanding difficult problem situations such as those in organisations. SSM really focuses on looking into the organisational issues and ill-structured problems and then suggestion of solutions which may or may not be computer-based (Skid more Eva 2004). Suitability As mentioned earlier, SSM is capable of examining and understanding the complex problem situations of an organisation, for example, its use in Shell and an Acute hospital (Checkland poulter 2006) using a range of techniques as shown in the seven-stage model(Fig 1.1.0 and fig 1.1.1), this makes it suitable to examine the existing issues in AIC limited, a property management company in Nigeria. Though, the methodology does not explain methods for implementing suggested solutions especially those involving a computerised system but it is suggested that it could be used as a front end in SD process then proceed to use a more technical approach which emphasizes design, development and implementation (Avison Fitzgerald 2003; Platt Warwick 1995). Based on this limitation, some others raised the idea of linking SSM to existing structured methodologies and came up with suggestions (Stowel 1985; Prior 1990; Sawyer 1991; Gregory Merali 1992; Miles 1992; Savage Minger 1993), further concern s raised are that should it take the form of grafting SSM to SSD methods or embedding SSD methods in SSM (Miles 1988)? Miles (1988) argues that the grafting method could cause the benefits of the SSM to be lost for instance, SSM obviously supports user involvement from the onset (Mingers 1995). Obviously, SSM has its notable advantages which makes it suitable for the case of AIC but definitely not without its weaknesses. Researches on the use of SSM in practice has been conducted (Mingers Taylor 1992; Brocklesby 1995), some findings in these and the literature generally are as follows: Advantages SSM helps to structure complex problem situations in an organized manner with the aid of specific techniques which makes it a thorough tool to use in cluttered problems (Platt Warwick 1995; Mingers Taylor 1992). The entire cycle of SSM is based on learning and supports user involvement (Mingers 1995). Its approach is holistic by focusing on wholes rather than reductionist (Brocklesby 1995; Camarinha-Matos Afsarmanesh 2008; Mingers Taylor 1992). It guides the user to look for a solution which is more than technical (Skidmore Eva 2004). Disadvantages The processes involved in SSM does not recommend a method of encouraging broad participation especially when it extends towards taking action though it recognizes participation (Jackson 2003; Khosrow-Pour 2009). SSM does not include methods for designing and implementing solution (Avison Fitzgerald 2003; Mingers 1995). The actual way of deriving information and data models from the activities is considered as ‘ad hoc’ due to lack of systematic means of determining information needed(Mingers 1995). SSM only works well with few people involved (Bell Morse 2003), though this favours the case of AIC but it could be time-consuming (Mingers Taylor 1992; Keenan Bustard 2009; Sutherland Morieux 1991) and demands high level of commitment which is usually not easy to achieve (Brocklesby 1995). The Organisation (AIC) AIC is a well recognized company specializing in management of properties. It has 3 branches located in Nigeria, one of them serves as the head office and each of the branches has an operations manager and the owner is the Managing Director of the company. Each branch has 8 to 10 Property agents and 1 or 2 accountants working under the supervision of the operations manager. The property agents act as an intermediary between property owners and seekers so they are responsible for allocating owners properties to seekers and management generally. Data about properties, owners and seekers are presently kept on paper files and each branch has one or two PCs. This business area is fast growing and the company wants to boost their efficiency in customer service delivery. The Managing Director of the company also felt the need for expansion. Some employees think there is need to improve on information handling especially due to the dissatisfaction of some customers (owners) with the mode of operation while some are less concerned and just wish for an increase in salaries. The MD has given his full support for a relevant and quick solution to be implemented in less than a year. Therefore, as an IS analyst, the situation will be further expressed and analysed using different modelling techniques suggested by Heeks and Morgan (2010a) and Heeks and Morgan (2010b). Problem/opportunity: The problem is the ineffective means of keeping records while the opportunity is the need for expansion. Stakeholder analysis Clients: Operations managers, Property owners and Property seekers Actors: Property agents, Accountants Sponsor: Managing director Owner: Branches, Operations managers Champion: Managing director, Operations managers, Property agents Others: IS analyst Problem Statement: An ineffective means of information handling due to paper-based approach. Project Rationale: To support the business expansion and remove all hindrances. Constraints: Environmental Prediction: The system is likely to last long because there are more supporters and expand its coverage if successful. Initial Statement: A system that eliminates the identified possible hindrance to the intended business expansion and supports the company desire to improve service delivery. CATWOE Checklist Root Definition: A system owned by the Managing Director and used by Operations Managers and Property Agents, which maintains proper record that helps in finding available properties for property seekers. The system to function under the financial constraints of the company and achievable in less than a year to assist the planned business expansion. Project Assessment Feasibility: Risk Assessment: This project, being a small one, is not prone to so many risks but a very obvious one that needs enough attention is the lack of IS experience in the organisation history. Others are Management Support and User commitment, the absence of these could result into loss of user acceptance and IS failure eventually. Project priorities: This is the only major project under consideration and crucial to the progress of the company. Analysis of the current system (Rich Picture) Note: A property seeker can purchase or rent a property or do both. Requirements for a solution It is advisable to operate the system within a network other than independently so there is need to set up a network. More PCs are required. Users need to be given adequate training.

Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: English Literature

Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman present the situation, behaviour and attitude of the women in the stories The Withered Arm and Turned. Explain what motivates these characters to behave as they do. Thomas Cookes Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman present the situation, behaviour and attitude of the women in the stories 'The Withered Arm' and 'Turned'. Explain what motivates these characters to behave as they do. Hardy and Gilman both share a similarity of characters and theme in their short stories. Both focus particularly on the female characters and the ways in which the other characters react and behave towards them throughout the stories. Both stories have two strong main female characters and two weaker more naÃÆ'Â ¯ve but also lead female characters. The way these characters interact with each other is very similar in both stories, how Marion and Rhoda seem to almost mother Gerta and Mrs. Lodge as they appear to have a kind of power over the two younger women. Although it can be argued that in the case of Mrs. Lodge, she has Rhoda's ex lover as her husband and this could be looked upon that she has an advantage over Rhoda. She feels as though Gertrude is 'closing doors' between herself and Farmer Lodge that finally there is no chance of rekindling the old flames she once had with him or for Farmer Lodge to make 'any reparation' for what he did to her. Both the elder women also have greater knowledge of men and how the world works, even if Mrs. Lodge is what is called a 'lady complete' she is still unaware of how society works and is treated. Both Rhoda and Marion are women who refuse to conform to how society expects them to act and behave. This is obvious when Marion takes in Gerta after discovering her husband to be having relations with the girl. Most women of the time would have taken back their husband and banished the girl, and although this is Marion's instinct she knows deep down this is wrong. Rhoda is similar to Gerta; she also had a sexual relationship outside of marriage with Mr. Lodge and bore a child from it, but yet still continues to hold her head high and not disappears in society as many women of the time would have done. In a way this difference between these two similar characters is kind of ironic as Marion has to deal with her husband having relations outside marriage with a girl, whereas Rhoda is a woman who had sexual relations outside marriage. Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: English Literature Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman present the situation, behaviour and attitude of the women in the stories The Withered Arm and Turned. Explain what motivates these characters to behave as they do. Thomas Cookes Compare and Contrast how Thomas Hardy and Charlotte Perkins Gilman present the situation, behaviour and attitude of the women in the stories 'The Withered Arm' and 'Turned'. Explain what motivates these characters to behave as they do. Hardy and Gilman both share a similarity of characters and theme in their short stories. Both focus particularly on the female characters and the ways in which the other characters react and behave towards them throughout the stories. Both stories have two strong main female characters and two weaker more naÃÆ'Â ¯ve but also lead female characters. The way these characters interact with each other is very similar in both stories, how Marion and Rhoda seem to almost mother Gerta and Mrs. Lodge as they appear to have a kind of power over the two younger women. Although it can be argued that in the case of Mrs. Lodge, she has Rhoda's ex lover as her husband and this could be looked upon that she has an advantage over Rhoda. She feels as though Gertrude is 'closing doors' between herself and Farmer Lodge that finally there is no chance of rekindling the old flames she once had with him or for Farmer Lodge to make 'any reparation' for what he did to her. Both the elder women also have greater knowledge of men and how the world works, even if Mrs. Lodge is what is called a 'lady complete' she is still unaware of how society works and is treated. Both Rhoda and Marion are women who refuse to conform to how society expects them to act and behave. This is obvious when Marion takes in Gerta after discovering her husband to be having relations with the girl. Most women of the time would have taken back their husband and banished the girl, and although this is Marion's instinct she knows deep down this is wrong. Rhoda is similar to Gerta; she also had a sexual relationship outside of marriage with Mr. Lodge and bore a child from it, but yet still continues to hold her head high and not disappears in society as many women of the time would have done. In a way this difference between these two similar characters is kind of ironic as Marion has to deal with her husband having relations outside marriage with a girl, whereas Rhoda is a woman who had sexual relations outside marriage.

Government Responsibility for Broadcasting and Creative Industries in the UK Essay

BBC * Breakfast Television, a new venture for the BBC presented by Frank Bough and Selina Scott, began in 1983 and this was followed three years later by daytime television. * Government responsibility for broadcasting and creative industries in the UK lies with the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The Office for Communications Act 2003 merged a number of regulatory bodies into a new regulatory structure headed by the Office of Communications or Ofcom. Ofcom took over responsibilities from the former Independent Television Commission, Radio Authority, Oftel, Radio Communications Agency and Broadcasting Standards Commission. * The BBC is run in the interests of its viewers and listeners. Twelve Governors act as trustees of the public interest and regulate the BBC. They are appointed by the Queen on advice from ministers. Day-to-day BBC operations are run by 16 divisions. The main BBC Executive Board is made up of 9 directors and is chaired by the Director-General. A Creative Board, Journalism Board and Commercial Board report to the Executive Board. The Executive Board answers to the Board of Governors. BBC Governors differ from directors of public companies, whose primary responsibilities are to shareholders and not consumers. BBC Governors represent the public interest, notably the interests of viewers and listeners. The Governors safeguard the BBC’s independence, set its objectives and monitor its performance. They are accountable to BBC licence payers and Parliament, and publish an Annual Report assessing its performance against objectives CNN * CNN.com is among the world’s leaders in online news and information delivery. Staffed 24 hours, seven days a week by a dedicated staff in CNN’s world headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and in bureaus worldwide, CNN.com relies heavily on CNN’s global team of almost 4,000 news professionals. CNN.com features the latest multimedia technologies, from live video streaming to audio packages to searchable archives of news features and background information.

Oldboy Analysis Essay Example

Oldboy Analysis Essay Example Oldboy Analysis Essay Oldboy Analysis Essay This close-up makes the audience believe, at first, that its only a few guys that he has to beat up. This is a good example of how the director has used the cinematography to withhold Information. We then see a hard cut to a medium close-up shot of the protagonists reaction to the group of guys as he delivers his line. This medium close-up give the audience a detailed view of his straight face, unchanged by the scenario indicating that he is prepared for whatever these bat-wielding thugs can throw at him. Also, this shot shows the audience the only weapon he has to defend himself, a tiny hammer which makes the audience think that there is not much he can do with that tiny hammer against these thugs. The director has chosen the camera angle to be at eye-level for the audience because the protagonist is definitely not in any powerful position against these guys but the director also wanted to subtly Indicate that he Is not In any weak position either because ultimately he will come out on top. It then hard cuts to a crane shot from behind the protagonist, the camera tilts upwards with a deep depth of field to focus the audience on the group of bat-wielding thugs. This shot is to show Just how many guys the protagonist will actually have to go through and Its not a Just a few. This plays with the audiences feeling of will he or wont he make It through the fight, It also shows how narrow the hallway is which gives a sense of claustrophobia and confines us to this little space where the action will take place. The camera is slightly angled downwards as the director wanted to emphasis on the feeling that the protagonist might Just end up coming out on top. After this, we see a hard cut too close-up of the protagonist dropping his knife with the dietetic sound-effect of it landing on the floor; this close-up gives the audience a detailed view of the irritations action and shows the audience his change of character In this scene from the beginning of the film. The fact that he has a lethal weapon but would rather prefer to use a tiny hammer and his fists than a knife to take care of these thugs tells us that 15 years of random imprisonment has changed him completely, from being almost a coward to this insane character seeking answers and driven by revenge. Also, the fact that the director chose for the camera not to track the knife to the floor and let it drop out of the frame as the camera stays still shows us that the knife will lay no further part in the film. In a way, the knife dropping out of frame signifies that it is also leaving the film. The whole of the fight is one long continuous take as the camera tracks them along from left to right. The reason for the long take Is that It shows the protagonists perseverance through-out the fight which adds a sense of realism to the scene. If there were cuts to a bunch of half second close ups this effect 1 OFF wouldnt De pulled or stressfully as It would Electroplates ten alliance. I Nils means that they wouldnt be able to focus on everything that is going on in the scene. Another reason is that it would look too Hollywood-like and make him seem like a typical Hollywood protagonist who predictably gets out of this situation. The long take plays with the feeling that he might not make it through this and highlights the impossibility of the task ahead of him. Also throughout the whole take the camera angle is positioned at eye-level which emphasizes on the feeling that the audience doesnt know whether the protagonist or the antagonists will come out on top. I believe that the fact that the camera tracks from left to right instead of the other way round is because its more comfortable for the audience as that is the way we read a book for example, it helps them to focus on the scene, even through all the violence that is going on. Also the director has choreographed the fight to coincide with the golden triangle. The audiences eyes are naturally drawn to the middle of the screen so the fact that the director has made the camera and the actors move towards the centre of the screen always keeps the audiences eyes dragged towards the fight. After the fight has finished we see a close up shot of the protagonist looking tired. The frame is composed in a way to mainly focus the audience on the protagonist but there is also a shallow depth of field so the audience can see the damage he has done to the guys on the floor. Miss-en Scene: The big fight scene is set in a hallway which serves to compress space and to emphasis on the idea that he might not escape. The fact that the hallway is so narrow confines the audience to focus on what is happening inside the frame which is the fight. If the shot was anymore wider or zoomed out it would distract the audience slightly. The hallway is lit slightly from inside the frame, on the walls and ailing, and lowly lit outside the frame from above them at a slight angle. This is to give the characters shadows to make the scene look dark and menacing. The character actions during the fight are significant to the audience as the fight is choreographed in a way to make it look as realistic as possible. The missed punches from the characters, the bats breaking after missing the protagonist and smashing into the wall, the antagonists falling all over the place and the way the antagonists take off their shirts might look like mistakes from the actors because of the long mutinous take but I believe the fight was choreographed that way to emphasis on the sense of realism during this scene. It makes the fight much more believable and grabs the audiences attention, taking them with the protagonist through the fight. As you can see from the corrections above one of the thugs throws the bat at the wall attempting to hit the protagonist but goes no-where near him. This small character action shows the audience that the antagonists are trying anything and everything to knock the protagonist down but they Just cant, hes almost undetectable and the fact hat the bat goes no-where near him shows that nothing can touch him. Sound: The non-dietetic score played over the fight scene is contrapuntal sound. It is an odd and unusual Juxtaposition, the score doesnt go together with the fighting. Its not what the audience would expect, they would expect an upbeat, pulse-raising score. This makes the scene unpredictable and again makes it look less Hollywood like. The score almost calms the audience through all the violence, usually the audience would expect the soundtrack to make their heart race but the director wanted to make their earth race tongue ten cinematography Ana males-en scene, nothing else. I Nils also emphasizes on the feeling again that he might not make it through this. As well as the non-dietetic sound during this scene, there are also dietetic sound effects throughout the fights. Theres the sound effects of multiple punches and kicks, as well as the breaking of bats, the smashing of the tiny hammer and stabbing of the knife into the back of the protagonist. This makes the scene all the more violent and realistic. Theres a dietetic sound effect of an elevator bell, the music stops and we see a smile on the protagonists face. The sound effect of the elevator bell is to let the audience know that someone is in the elevator whilst keeping the focus on the protagonist and capturing his reaction to the elevator. It also keeps the audience guessing as to who is in the elevator. The music stops to indicate to the audience that the next part of the scene will not last very long. The facial expressions of the actor show hes tired and worn out, blood runs down the side of his face and neck, but after the bell rings and we hear the elevator doors open, theres a smile on his face as he sees the group of guys in the elevator. This smile from the protagonist shows the audience that hes still willing to preservers. The fact that he has blood running down his face and hes still smiling shows that he will stop at nothing to try and make it through this even if it kills him. It also shows how hes a changed character from the beginning of the film when he was a coward to now where hes this almost insane character. We then see a mid-shot of more guys with bats in the elevator. At first glance the audience would think that the protagonist is going to get beaten up now but the fact that theyve already seen him go through 18 guys makes them realize hat another 7 guys doesnt seem like a problem for him, which was also evident when he smiled. For a few seconds the audience is made to wait to see what happens, it then cuts to what is probably the ground floor, the camera moves again from left to right in a fast motion past the barrier and the audience then sees what has happened as the elevator doors open. The antagonists drop to the floor and the protagonist is the last man standing. When he walks out the elevator this is when the audience realism that hes almost invincible, nothing can stop him now on his Journey for answers which sets up the next few scenes perfectly.

Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely

Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely In the early 1840’s, Frederick Douglass wrote an autobiography of his life as a slave. His abhorrence of slavery stemmed from two fronts. The first was the reprehensible treatment and dehumanization of the African-American slave. The second was the corrupting influence the power of slavery had upon the slaveholder. â€Å"But, alas! this kind heart [of his mistress] had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced it’s infernal work† (2). In chapters 6-8, Douglass makes one particular point, among many, quite clear: unjust laws corrupt honorable souls and make criminals of law-abiding people. Douglass relates his experience of learning the alphabet from his mistress and the subsequent cessation of this study by his master. Due to his master’s explanation of why his mistress shouldn’t teach him, a slave, to read, Douglass realizes exactly where white society gets its power to enslave black society. That is â€Å"†¦education and slavery were incompatible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3 & 6). Upon the heels of this revelation is a second: the pathway from slavery to freedom lies in learning to read (3). The basic injustice of keeping an entire race in mental ignorance for the soul purpose of exploiting them as a work force is one of Douglass’ main criticisms. Douglass conveys to his readers the drastic change that took place in his mistress due to the heady power of having absolute control over another person’s life. She changed from a kind, warm, hard-working soul to a tyrant under slavery’s tutelage (5). Douglass shows his readers just how she went from having â€Å"heavenly qualities† (6) to having the disposition of a tyrant by relating several years of his experiences. His mistress went from teaching him letters to furiously snatching a newspaper out of Douglass’ hand (6), from heavenly smiles to demonic fury (1 ... Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely In the early 1840’s, Frederick Douglass wrote an autobiography of his life as a slave. His abhorrence of slavery stemmed from two fronts. The first was the reprehensible treatment and dehumanization of the African-American slave. The second was the corrupting influence the power of slavery had upon the slaveholder. â€Å"But, alas! this kind heart [of his mistress] had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced it’s infernal work† (2). In chapters 6-8, Douglass makes one particular point, among many, quite clear: unjust laws corrupt honorable souls and make criminals of law-abiding people. Douglass relates his experience of learning the alphabet from his mistress and the subsequent cessation of this study by his master. Due to his master’s explanation of why his mistress shouldn’t teach him, a slave, to read, Douglass realizes exactly where white society gets its power to enslave black society. That is â€Å"†¦education and slavery were incompatible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3 & 6). Upon the heels of this revelation is a second: the pathway from slavery to freedom lies in learning to read (3). The basic injustice of keeping an entire race in mental ignorance for the soul purpose of exploiting them as a work force is one of Douglass’ main criticisms. Douglass conveys to his readers the drastic change that took place in his mistress due to the heady power of having absolute control over another person’s life. She changed from a kind, warm, hard-working soul to a tyrant under slavery’s tutelage (5). Douglass shows his readers just how she went from having â€Å"heavenly qualities† (6) to having the disposition of a tyrant by relating several years of his experiences. His mistress went from teaching him letters to furiously snatching a newspaper out of Douglass’ hand (6), from heavenly smiles to demonic fury (1 ...

Information Systems Security Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Security Survey - Essay Example The program ensures that all the managers that work in the different centers follow the compulsory security requirements that have been put in place and make their decisions with an aim of reducing the risks. The managers should also be made aware of the risks they face when using these automated systems and electronic information. The top priority here is to protect the company’s information. According to previous reports of IRS the recurring cases of information security weakness puts it at a risk of fraud, disruption or inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information. As a result, the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) states that every agency should form, record and implement a security program for the whole information system that seeks to promote the organizational assets with minimum risks (Grance, 2003). IRS has delegated the responsibility of the development and maintenance of an information security system to Cybersecurity. The main responsibility of Cybersecurity is to identify and monitor any Cybersecurity threats and putting up strategies to combat any breach of security affecting IRS. Cybersecurity’s main duty is to prevent any incidents of insecurity with IRS’s information security system. However, it does not formulate the information security policies on behalf of IRS. In this survey, it is recognized that over time the consumer prefer internet-based services. The applicants can download forms online, check their refund status and get updates. This shows technological advancement in making the whole system online and also gives a platform for the IRS to provide new services for some of the customer needs that emerge. The customers main need in using online services is that their needs be met wherever they may be located (United States, 2003). With mobile application by IRS, it has been

Work Schedule Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work Schedule - Assignment Example Given this consideration, it is imperative to come up with a low cost customer service employee daily assignment schedule. The aim of this study was to utilize Linear Programing (LP) to review low- cost customer service employee assignment schedule options. The additional objectives included were to depict the necessity to test theses results for sensitivity to different constraints in order to include a number of total part time and increased labor cost due to non typical days. These models were created by the use of the Microsoft Excel solver to calculate the LP model. The variety of constraints that were included were: a minimum number of customer representatives per hour, mandatory full time shift schedules include a lunch break of one hour, a standard pay for full time and part time employees, a maximum number of total part time hours and ultimately, a requirement to minimize total wage costs (Tsogas, 2001). The results form the excel sheet indicate than scenario 3 will be the best as it is efficient and effective. This scenario allows for a minimum and a maximum number of full time employees per shift to maintain minimum levels of leadership with our customer services staff at all times, reasonable lunch and dinner will schedules and a maximum part time hours contribution of 50 percent. This will ensure a relaxation of the 50% constrain on the hours that will be worked on by part time customer service employees. Based on the requirements of the proposal to develop a minimum cost daily assignment schedule for the customer service employees at the Acme Mexico city star, the table will show a clear indication of how the LP model was developed to achieve optimal efficiency at a minimal cost to the company (DuBrin, 2009). From the table, it is evident that an integer Liner program was developed to address the labor restrictions amongst other consideration that were brought forward. The model used the develop this assignment

Marketing Financial Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Financial Services - Assignment Example Al, 1995). Marketing of the financial service is quite a recent phenomenon even in developed nations of the world. The financial services industry plays a vital role in safeguarding the prospects of economic development around the globe (Ennew & Waite, 2006). The banking sector is increasingly faced with issue of service quality. Since it is quite difficult to differentiate between money and the financial services, banks are therefore continually working to enhance the service quality so that the competitive edge can be maintained. However, the most critical factor associated with improvement of service quality is determination of the service quality characteristics that are considered as important by consumers. It also becomes important to consider the elements of the service quality that are important for different group of consumers (Stafford, 1996). It has been found that the service has increased worldwide significantly in general terms. However, the financial services have expe rienced a less encouraging future. The reason behind this has been the market saturation that has led to search for the growth opportunities. To enhance the growth opportunities two approaches seem to be viable. ... The most important thing to be considered is that M&S lends the consumers’ savings to other M&S customers in the UK. The money is lent in the form of personal loans or through M&S Credit Card (Marks and Spencer, n.d.). It was in the year 2004, when M&S Money became part of the HSBC Group; however it continued to operate under M&S Money brand. The company has around 1500 employees. It is headquartered at Chester where the group actively supports its local community. It endeavors to focus its effort both voluntarily and financially on schools and charities. The company has wide range of products catering to wider group of people all around the globe. The insurance products of the company have won many awards. Other products include loans and saving products. Its mission is to cater to the needs of various groups of people by providing them financial solutions that are both simple and underpinned by the core values of Marks and Spencer which are quality, value, innovation, servic e and trust. The company’s most attractive product has been the credit card which allows the customers to shop for 15 months with no interest to pay. Travel money is another product of M&S where 0% commission is levied on foreign currency and on foreign travelers’ cheque. Loans such as personal loans and car buying loans are also few of the other products of the company. SWOT Analysis The company is the best loan provider in the UK and provides several other products. It is the top choice of most of the customers in the country (Docstoc, 2010). M&S Money has received various awards. Recently in the year 2011, the company received award for the best travel insurance providers and the best pet insurance provider. It also received Defaqto 5 Star Rating in

Personality Analysis Essay Example for Free

Personality Analysis Essay Most people understand personality as the image that people display and project to the outside world. However, personality is more than this and includes even the psychological experience that is hidden inside us (Ewen, 2003). The word personality is a derivative of a Latin word-‘persona’ who’s meaning is ‘mask’ (Ewen, 2003). Personality analysis can therefore be referred to as the comprehensive investigation of all the aspects relating to personality. For many years people have tried to explain behavior as well as what it is that makes a person. In an attempt to offer explanations, personality theories have been advanced some of which are the existential/humanistic and dispositional theories. Just like many other theories, these personality theories are fallible and they cannot be proved. These theories have their similarities as well as their differences. Dispositional theories of personality try to explain personality using innate tendencies. These are the tendencies that individuals are born with and they can be hereditary or not. Dispositional theorists believe that genes play a big part in determining one’s personality. Words and phrases are mostly used to reflect this theory (Weiten, 2010). For example when one says that someone is kind-hearted. These theories are also known as trait theories and trait theorists’ assumption is that physique does not determine behavior but that the stable personality traits are the ones that determine behavior. Personality traits are described as stable qualities that one displays in all the situations. These theories were advanced in reaction to a personality theory known as type personality theory which linked human physique to certain temperaments or personality characteristics. Several people are associated with the development of trait theories and examples include Gordon Allport, Lewis Goldberg, and Hans Eysenck but the person who originally introduced the trait theories was known as Carl Jung (Nicholas, 2008). Carl Jung is the one who introduced the idea of temperaments and his theory purported that one is either born an introvert or an extrovert and that this cannot be changed. Gordon Allport described personality as a combination of both mental and physical personality aspects (Nicholas, 2008). He described personality as a dynamic organisation meaning that the aspects of personality keep on changing throughout an individual’s life in response to situations (Nicholas, 2008). These personality changes occur only to a certain degree and the personality remains relatively stable over time. Allport’s trait theory also portrays personality as naturally deterministic. This means that behavior, personality and thought are influenced and controlled by a mechanism that is inborn. In development of his theory, Allport categorized all the words contained in the dictionary that describe personality traits into central traits, cardinal traits and secondary traits (Nicholas, 2008). The cardinal traits are those that dominate in the whole life of an individual. People who exhibit these traits are rare and people tend to associate these people with these traits. Central traits on the other hand are less dominating compared to cardinal traits. They are the characteristics that constitute the foundation of an individual’s personality and are commonly used by people to describe others. For instance when one says that someone else is intelligent they are describing those people using the central traits. The last personality characteristics are secondary traits. These are the traits that manifest depending on situation and are sometimes related to preferences or attitudes (Ewen, 1998). Lewis Goldberg and Costa McCrae among others expanded the theory of Fiske D. and this led to development of the big five model. The personality traits attributed to this theory are classified under five categories. One is extraversion where some people are social and outgoing. The second one is conscientiousness where individuals display high levels of organization and thoughtfulness (Oliver, Robins Pervin, 2008). The third is openness where individuals display insight and imagination. The fourth category is agreeableness where individuals are trustworthy, kind, and affectionate. The last one is neuroticism where individuals with this trait tend to be anxious, sad, moody and emotionally unstable (Oliver et al. , 2008). Based on this theory, individuals who have traits such as extraversion and agreeableness will get along well with people while people with neuroticism traits will not get along with people. Hans Eysenck built on Jung’s idea by approaching the idea of temperaments from a mathematical point of view. Since his theory is built on the work of Jung, then this theory also assumes that a part of personality is genetically determined. Jung said that though it was impossible for an introvert to change to an introvert, depending on the situation one can modify their behavior (Boeree, 2009). He created a test that was used to determine people’s traits. Based on his theory there are several personality characteristics. One of these is introversion and extraversion where extroverts are outgoing and introverts are reserved. The other personality trait is emotional stability/neuroticism where individuals with a high level of neuroticism exhibit nervousness and emotional instability (Boeree, 2009). The last personality trait is psychoticism where people find it hard to deal with the reality (Boeree, 2009). These personality traits determine how individuals interact with others. People who are extraverts tend to get along well with people as they are outgoing while introverts are not social and may be viewed as unfriendly. Another thing is that people with psychoticism do not relate well with people as they tend to be hostile and manipulative. Humanistic personality theories approach to personality is phenomenological. This phenomenological approach focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals. The leading theorists associated with humanistic theories are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. These theories are known as humanistic because their emphasis is on the unique characteristics of people. According to these theories, all people have an inborn tendency to become self-actualised and that self actualization serves as the main force that drives behavior (Mitterer Coon, 2008). This self-actualisation is an ongoing process where one naturally grows towards fulfilling their potential. Humanistic theorists acknowledge the uniqueness of personalities as people’s perceptions of the world are unique to them. These perceptions are reflected in the way people behave. According to these theorists, people’s perceptions are not determined by their personality traits, their reinforcement history, or their ego development (Mitterer Coon, 2008). They further say that by nature people are good. Carl Rogers’s humanistic personality theory portrays personality as being composed of structural components. These components include self, self-regard, self-ideal, and self-concept (Mitterer Coon, 2008). Of these components, Rogers says that the main component is self and it consists of concepts, ideas, perceptions, and values that define an individual (Mitterer Coon, 2008). According to him, a person’s behavior and perception of the world is influenced by their self-concept. In addition, he says that in addition to self-concept every individual has an ideal self and that happiness and fulfillment are increased if the ideal self is closer to the self concept (Mitterer Coon, 2008). He further says that a phenomenal field is composed of both an individual and their world and that reaction to the world involves the individual as a whole and not merely parts of the individual (Mitterer Coon, 2008). Maslow’s humanistic personality theory is similar to that of Rogers. Maslow just like Rogers believed that individuals have a tendency to grow towards self-actualisation. In addition, just like Rogers’s theory Maslow’s theory views individuals as beings whose approach to current issues and perceptions is subjective (Engler, 2008). According to Maslow there are several characteristics associated with people who have gained self-actualisation. One of these is awareness meaning that these people are very much aware of the meaningfulness of life and that due to this they are usually constantly enjoying life. The other characteristic is that they are reality centered and this means that they are usually concerned with issues in their environment. Acceptance is the other characteristic and it means that these people accept their environment as well as what cannot be changed. Lastly these people exhibit a sense of humor that is not hostile meaning that they do not joke about others as they consider this offensive (Engler, 2008). All the above theories in one way or another attempt to give an explanation of human behavior. They all acknowledge that personality characteristics affect the way people behave in different situations. It is the differences in personalities that make people to react differently to the same situation. Each theory has a number of personality characteristics which are attributed to them and these determines how individuals interact with others so that some people tend to get along well with people while others do not. References Boeree, G. (2009). Trait theories of personality. Retrieved 1 May, 2010 from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/genpsytraits. html Engler, B. (2008). Personality theories (8th ed. ). USA: Cengage Learning. Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality, a topical approach: Theories, research, major controversies and emerging findings. New Jersey: Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Inc. Ewen, R. B. (2003). An introduction to theories of personality. New Jersey: Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Inc. Mitterer, J. O. Coon, D. (2008). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (12th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Nicholas, L. (2008). Introduction to psychology (2nd ed. ). Cape Town: UCT Press. Oliver, P. J. , Robins, R. W. , Pervin, L. A. (2008). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Prefabricated Components in Warehouse Buildings

Prefabricated Components in Warehouse Buildings The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing changes from an industry which employs conventional method to a mechanized and systematic system which utilizes the latest technologies. Prefabrication technology is a new construction method in the construction industry. This is vital for the future growth of the industry, given the trend towards global competition. Prefabricated systems have been introduced in Malaysia by the application of pre-cast concrete in beam-column elements. Since the demand of building construction has increased widely, it is necessary to improve the construction method, which fasten up the building construction process. Various types of building system are available in Malaysia. In general, IBS is a methodology which drives local construction industry towards the adoption of an integrated and encourages the application in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated components of the building at work sites. Efficiency of construction process will be enhance, thus allowing a higher productivity, time, quality and cost efficiency (Abdullah et al, 1998). The advantage of using prefabricated system in industrial building is derived from a piece-by-piece model approach, wherein standardization plays a significant role in achieving economies of scope from the many variations allowed. This is a specific implementation of prefabrication; the distinction being that the structures follow an assembly, disassembly, part replacement, re-assembly sequence as required during their lifecycle (A. Abdallah, 2007). Prefabrication is the assembling components that made in a factory or manufacturing before deliver the components to the construction site. After completed the selected components in factory, the components will transported to the construction site where the structure is located. Prefabrication systems which introduce by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) were succeeded and applied the prefabricated technology into the construction industry. Prefabrication is define as the structure construct with minimal additional site work which the components are produce in factory, assembled and position to form the structure (CIDB, 2003). 1.3 Aim A study into the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings throughout the past 10 years. 1.4 Research Question Is there an increase of the usage of prefabricated components in the past 10 years? What are the problems facing in prefabricated components for the usage in warehouse buildings? How does the usage of prefabricated components that give benefits to warehouse buildings, does it reduce the construction time and construction cost? 1.5 Objective To evaluate the problem of prefabricated components usage in warehouse buildings. To investigate the aspects of prefabricated components for warehouse buildings. To investigate the level of acceptance in the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. 1.6 Scope of study This research is basically covers the scope of the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. The efficiency of prefabricated components is measured by the time and cost efficiency. Furthermore, the usage of prefabrication components will be investigated to study the efficiency. Last but not least, prefabricated components manufacturer will be interview to analyze more detail and accurate data to the efficiency of the usage of prefabrication components. To understand the usage of prefabricated components and the level of application in the construction industry. Research will cover on the efficiency of prefabrication components. Besides that, analyzing the time and cost efficiency of prefabrication components usage in a construction projects. Other than that, this research may take a comparison between prefabricated components system and other types of building construction systems. Data analysis will be carried out for the comparison. 1.7 Problem Statement With the ongoing construction trend in Malaysia, that is still very comfortably using labour intensive and low technology methods of construction such, this has initially lead towards low productivity and inefficiency of work at construction site. The highly dependency on conventional building system and unskilled foreign workers has definitely contributed to low productivity of work, although they may be cheap, but they are not efficient and cause high wastage. The quality of work has also been terribly affected due to unskilled working method that causes delay in construction projects. After completion of works, defects, structural failures and design inadequacies are some of the tell-tale sign of the current construction scenario that will always occur. In the end, these will lead to decreased in quality and waste of time in construction projects. Since the demand of building construction has increased rapidly, it is necessary to innovate the construction method, which speeds up the building construction process. In general, prefabricated system that will reduce in construction time and cost, for instance, time is money. But prefabricated system is not always applied in the construction projects, conventional construction method are still preferable in the construction industry. Without understanding the benefits of prefabricated system, it included different types of components that can be used during a construction projects. Adoption of prefabricated system in construction industry is to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, thus allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. Although the prefabricated systems has promised to solve and improved the current construction method and scenario in Malaysia, but the this method has been low in gaining popularity, partly due to lack of awareness and coordination among the relevant parties. This will also lead to the low popularity of the usage of prefabrication components. Performance and quality in construction will be improved that the obligation of implementing Industrialized Building System, as well as to minimize dependency on unskilled foreign labours in construction site (Kamar; Adbul Hamid; Ghani and Rahim, 2007). In conclusion, it is hoped that the prefabricated technology can bring out the tremendous potential towards productivity improvement as it encompasses aspects of standardization, highly controlled and quality pre-fabrication components which complements the various programs to increase productivity and quality control through the adoption of prefabricated systems which can lead to the increase productivity of prefabricated components. 1.8 Research Methodology The research methodology included the qualitative and quantitative research. A qualitative research is subjective in nature and it emphasizes meanings, experiences, description and so on. The qualitative research is applying in the survey for which have an attitude scale and measurement. For the quantitative research, it is objective in nature and it defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem which is based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true. A primary data collected can be variable because it is obtained from different respondents. The case study is used when researcher is required to support the arguments and hypothesis. The results commonly are obtained from an analysis of person, a group of person or a particular project. Those examples of primary data collection such as interview, survey and case study. Secondary data is the data collected using desk study approach that is called secondary data because this data commonly obtained from other sources (Naoum, 1998). This data can be collected from other resources such as institution which the data are not stored in the library. Other examples are such as books, articles and journals which are published online and book store. An interview is a process of face to face discussion among the researcher and the related parties who is able to provide data and information to researcher. Such parties can be the professional person, manufacturer, developer and others. The best way of conducting an interview is able to obtain the data accurately and information which supported strongly that are raised up by the researcher. Whereas, the case study is a process of inspection and investigation that is carried out by the researcher in a place that are able to gain data and information to the researcher. Besides that, a case study that are conducted will be able to obtain the results and information accurately and conduct survey successfully. 2.1 Introduction Since the demand of building construction has increased widely, prefabricated systems have been introduced in the construction industry. The construction method has to be innovated, which will speeds up the building construction process. Prefabrication System which introduced in Industrialized Building System (IBS) that will reduce in construction time and cost, thus the quality of work will be improved by using this system. The advantages of using prefabrication system in industrial building are derived from a piece by piece model approach (A. Abdallah, 2007). The choice of prefabricated components comes from the primary requirement to use automation tools both in the factory and on site. Efficiency of construction process will be enhance, thus allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost efficiency. However, the challenges often occur in the efficiency of work, quality of work, are of productivity and the delivery of work. The construction industry is still applying labour intensive and low technology methods for construction which initially lead towards low productivity and inefficiency of work at construction site. The intensive use of foreign unskilled workers and low technology equipment has eventually affected the quality of work which results in defects, structural failures and design inadequacies of the construction projects. As a result, this has lead to unproductive practices and initially contributes to the late delivery of work. Therefore, a new system must be replaced which has better advantages in terms of improving productivity, indoor quality, improvement of work durability and efficiency and overall cost reduction. The Prefabrication System which introduced in IBS with the promise of improving productivity rate and lowering construction costs are able to implement in the construction industry. In other word, the awareness of current trends and latest construction technology and innovation is essential. This is a system  which the building components are prefabricated in factory or at site, with the usage of minimum in-situ construction to assembled and form the structure (Trikha, 1999). In short, Prefabrication System which introduced in IBS is a construction method that offers economization of design, site work and materials, provides shorter construction time, saving in labour, better quality control, immunity to weather changes and the most importantly, the cost factor. It has been proven successful in some countries, namely Singapore, England, and the United States (CIDB, 1998). In Malaysia, the shorter construction time offered by IBS seems to be the panacea for the housing demand in Malaysia. It is hoped that the widespread understanding on the prefabrication system can further help to develop and promote prefabricated system as an innovative construction method in Malaysia. 2.1.1 Definition of Prefabrication System Prefabricated system which introduce in industrialized building system can be defined in which building components are mass produced in factory or at site under minimal wet site activities and strict quality control. With the objective of maximizing production output, minimizing labour resource and improving quality which the process is an investment in facilities, equipment and technology. Building system is also defined as a various interconnected element that assembled together to enable the designated performance of a building (Warswaski, 1999). Prefabrication system that produce building components either in factory or at site with the specification of dimension and standard size which will be transported to the construction site and assemble to form a building (Chung Kadir, 2007). The structure that is construct using a technique in which the components are manufactured in a controlled environment, positioned, transported and assembled with the usage of minimal additional site works (CIDB, 2003). Prefabricating system generally follow an industrial production procedure that takes place in prefabricated plant. Thus high quality of building components can be reliably obtained under a more controlled production environment. Since standard sizes are commonly produced in prefabricating concrete, the repetitive use of formwork permits a speedy production of components at a lower unit cost. These forms and plant finishing procedures provide a better surface quality than it is usually obtained under field conditions. Prefabricated components may be assembled much more faster than conventional cast in-situ components, thereby reducing in construction time. The prefabricating process is also sufficiently adaptable, thus special shapes can be produced economically (Ahmed Abdallah, 2007). Prefabrication can be defined as a manufacturing process, generally taking place at a specialized facility, in which various materials are joined to form a component part of a final installation (Tatum, 1987). These prefabricated components often only involve the work of a single craft. Any component that is manufactured offsite and is not a complete system can be considered to be prefabricated. Quality control and minimal on site activities can be achieved which the building components are produced either in factory or at site (Trikha, 1999). The prefabricated system includes the industrialized process by which building components are fabricated, planned, transported and assembled on site (Junid, 1986). According to CIDB (2009), building system in which structural components are manufacture in factory, on site or off site, assembled and transported with minimal additional site works to form a structure. Prefabricated system also defined as construction system which built using prefabricated components by mechanical equipment, formwork and etc that delivered to construction site for erection and assembly after it is complete manufacture in factory (Abdul Rahman and Omar, 2006). Parid Wardi (1997) asserted prefabricated system which uses industrialized production techniques either in the components that is produced or assembly of building. The definition of prefabrication system is varies depending on IBS. Several authors may define the system as process or as techniques. The following table below (refer to Figure 1) is highlights the categories of definition. Besides, there are ontology position either can be terms as a approaches, products, innovation, improvements, modernization and new technology. The issue has been discussed in construction industry since the industrial revolution change the ways of human living and economic activities. Since the concept of improvement and quality take place in industry, the invention and innovation become significant to industry. 2.2 Aspects of Prefabricated Components The CIDB has put more efforts to encourage all of the construction company to utilize the prefabricated systems as new development method in order to improve buildings quality and enhance labours performance. Since the utilization of prefabricated systems is low in construction industry, advance research and improvement should be carry out to enhance and promote a valuable aspects of prefabricated systems (CIDB, 2003; CIDB, 2007). It is encourage using prefabricated systems as a construction method in the construction industry. Since prefabricated systems provide numerous aspects such as reduction of unskilled labours, less wastage, less volume of site materials, increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better quality control (IBS Digest, 2009). Besides, the aspects of prefabricated systems can be discussed in term of time, cost and quality in construction industry. Faster completion of construction project can be achieved due to the usage of standardized prefabricated components and simplified installation process (IBS Roadmap, 2003-2010). Therefore, duration of construction period is able to reduced and saved due to speedy construction and installation. Usage of prefabricated systems is able to achieve a lower construction costs due to the reduction of construction waste and prefabricated building components from manufacturers. It is able to reduce construction waste as the building components are fabricated off-site and assembled on-site with minimum labour usage. Concurrently activities are obtained when the prefabricated components are manufacture off-site while other construction work can be conduct in construction site. Hence, the usage of prefabricated systems is able to speed up the construction work in the term of time. With the utilization of prefabricated systems, a better quality control can be achieved and produce a higher quality of construction. The dependency on foreign labours will be diminishing due to the requirement of specialist skilled labours during installation of prefabricated components (IBS Roadmap, 2003-2010). In the prefabricated systems application, the construction time and cost can be reduced by the usage of prefabricated components as the components are manufactured off-site and be delivered to construction site for assembling. Reduce on the usage of foreign labour can be achieve due to the requirement of specialist skilled labour for the installation. Hence, a higher quality and improvement in performance of construction can be achieved. 2.2.1 Characteristic of Prefabricated Components The overall cost for a construction project that uses offsite work can be less than a traditionally stick-built undertaking in current construction industry. This can be caused by a variety of factors in the usage of prefabricated components. The labour for onsite work may be reduced due to the requirement of specialist skilled labours during the installation of the building components (Carl et al, 2000). Severe onsite conditions and weather problems can lead to construction delays, onsite interference and worker congestion can be avoided, increasing productivity and lowering costs of construction project. The onsite construction duration can be substantially shortened through the usage of prefabricated components. Other project works can be completed before going to the site and this will lead to construction schedule decreased. Overall project safety can be improved through the usage of prefabricated components in the construction project. Prefabricated components were installed piece by piece with minimum used of labours, while conventional method needs more labours in order to complete the construction cycle for example, formwork fabrication and formwork installation, reinforcement bar fabrication and reinforcement bar installation and etc (Indra Gunawan, 2005). Prefabricated components that manufacture offsite will improve in quality. Controlled factory and production conditions and repetitive and activities, along with automated machinery can lead to a higher level of quality that can be achieved onsite. Usage of prefabricated components can potentially decrease environmental impact of the project that is partly due to reduced onsite construction duration and a decrease in the usage of labour requirements. The common characteristics of prefabricated components are: Cost efficiency Time saving Higher Productivity Reduce remittance by foreign worker Quality control Reduce waste of construction material 2.2.1.1 Cost Efficiency Usage of prefabricated components will result in cost savings due to a greater productivity and less wastage of materials during the production of the building components which manufacture offsite and deliver to site for assembling. Besides, prefabrication components also can reduce construction cost in site supervision which most of the output are similar, skilled labour required on-site for installation, wastage of materials, formworks, scaffolding, and etc. The usage of system formwork made up of aluminum, steel, scaffolding and etc will provides a considerable cost savings (Bing et al, 2001). 2.2.1.2 Time Saving Usage of prefabricated components reduced the construction duration in which most of the products and components are completed offsite in factory before deliver to site. Besides, it can reduce the duration of construction work onsite that conduct by labours. Prefabricated components for on-site construction and off-site assembly can perform as parallel activities, which the operations are not affected by the weather condition. Prefabricated components are standardized and the installation procedures are simplified. Therefore, the usage of prefabricated components will result in reduce of construction time. Prefabricated system which give faster construction time because of the construction element that manufactured in factory and foundation work can occur at site in the same time. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Peng, 1986). 2.2.1.3 Higher Productivity Prefabricated components that produce in factory or manufacture offsite are more productivity compare with the conventional construction method. The components are assembly on-site which result in better productivity. In addition, it is also convenience for site management and site inspection for the prefabricated method which the components are installed on the construction site. Hence, it will reduce in construction time as well as reduced the wastage of materials. Local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated in the construction industry to produce and utilize prefabricated components of the building at the work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, time, quality and cost efficiency (CIDB, 2004). 2.2.1.4 Reduce Remittance by foreign worker In Malaysia, the conventional construction method is highly dependency on the unskilled foreign labours that are easily to employ from the neighbor countries such as Indonesia, Philippine, Vietnam and Myanmar. The utilization of prefabricated systems can reduce the dependency on foreign labours especially the semi skilled and the unskilled labours due to simplified construction method at the construction site. The lesser labours involved in the construction will result in shorter duration of construction time. The prefabricated components are usually standardize prefabricated in factory or off-site and delivered to the construction site for assembly, construction time will be reduce by using this method compare with the conventional cast in-situ method. The Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of IBS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreign workers in the construction industry by 2010. With the current foreign workers totaling 227,000, the remittances of foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It is expected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the full implementation of IBS (Bernama.com, 2006). According to the IBS Digest (April June, 2005), a comparative productivity study has been conduct between projects that built using precast technology and conventional method. Three project sites are studied which two using precast technology and one using conventional construction method. Prefabricated or precast structural components were installed piece by piece with minimum used of labours, while using conventional method required more labours in order to complete the construction cycle, for example formwork prefabrication and formwork installation, reinforcement bar fabrication and reinforcement bar installation, concrete placement and formwork dismantle (Indra Gunawan, 2005). 2.2.1.5 Quality Control Better performance and component fit between parts for prefabricated system, which the components required more accurate profile and dimension of components that manufacture in factory. Prefabricated components that manufactured in factory can easily be control and monitor in factory for critical factors such as temperature, stripping time, and etc. Quality is the main factors in prefabricated system, the components that are manufacture off-site are better in quality control. A Quality Assurance Department is to ensure that there is a complete quality procedure and maintained regularly will be well set-up by manufacturer to ensure strict compliance throughout the manufacturing processes (NSL Eastern Pretech, 2005). It is much easier to control the quality in the prefabrication factory compare with casting at site. Prefabricated components which produced higher quality of components attainable through specific selection and the use of advance technology with strict quality assurance control (Din, 1984). 2.2.1.6 Reduce Wastage of Construction Material Prefabricated components that are prefabricated in factory or off-site will reduce the wastage of construction material and this will provide a safety working platform for the workers in construction site due to the reduction of construction debris, site worker and materials. Fewer mistakes, misalignments and deviations will be made by applying prefabricated system in construction industry, this will result in less waste reduces costs spend on materials, handling, dumpster and etc. With the reduction of construction material wastage, this will lead to the decrease in overall construction cost. IBS components offer minimal wastage, because the components such as precast columns were being prefabricated off-site. The entire component has been manufactured on the required sizes. Besides, the repetitive use of the construction material, for example, steel system formwork provides considerable are cost savings (Bing et al, 2001; Thanoon et al, 2003). Higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production of prefabricated components with the utilization of machine will lead to reduction of material wastage (CIDB, 2003). 2.3 Types of Prefabricated Components usage in Warehouse Buildings The composite construction method and fully prefabricated construction method was adopting into current IBS construction projects. The concept of partial industrialized system is derived from the composite nature of full industrialization, and is used to describe a manufacturing strategy that selectively uses some industrializing aspects (Nurul A.H. et al, 2005). Nurul A.H. et al (2005) also stated that, the fully prefabricated construction method will involve on the manufacture, assembly and connect concept. All of the designed fabrication components of the building will be manufacture off-site, assembly off-site and be delivered to the stated site on planned period. Both of the type of construction method is specifically aimed to increase productivity and quality of work. There are various types of prefabricated components that has been designed and manufacturer for construction project. There are factors that need to be considering on the adoption of the prefabricated components in the usage of warehouse buildings. The components which are commonly used in local warehouse buildings construction are: Steel framing systems Panel system 2.3.1 Steel Framing Systems Frame system may be defined as the structures that carry the loads through their beams and girders to column and finally to footing or pilecap. In such system, the skeletal structures will help to reduce the number and sizes of load carrying members. The important feature is the capacity to transfer heavy loads over large spans. Therefore, it is used in the construction of bridges, parking lots, warehouses, industrial buildings and etc (Junid, 1986). Frame system is a system that use beam and column as the main structure member due to the function that support all of the building weight. The walls have to be light for easy installation to support the building (Badir et al, 1998). In the development of construction industry, the usage of light steel trusses increased due to cost effective which profiled steel portal frame and cold-formed channels system as alternative choice for traditional hot-rolled sections. It is commonly used with precast concrete slab, steels columns and beams. Steel framing systems have always been the popular choice that used widely in the construction of skyscrapers (CIDB, 2003). The framing system is prefabricated in factory and delivery to the site with stated schedule. It is erected to the final location by using machinery, such as mobile crane and be join by special bolts, plates and welded with the structure. The products of steel framing systems (refer to Figure 2) are included steel beams and columns, portal frame, roof trusses and etc (IBS Survey, 2003). These systems especially steel beams and columns are commonly used in construction industry in order to speed up the construction works. 2.3.2 Panels system Panel system may be defined as the structures that carry load through large floor and wall panels (Junid, 1986). This system probabaly would be the most widely used prefabricated system which employed planar or panel-shaped elements for floor slabs, vertical supports, partitions and exterior wall. Depending on the scale of projects, some panels may be fabricated at site for easy transportation. Other panel systems available are such as wood, plastic, light weight metal and ferrocement materials. In panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to building which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories (Badir et al, 1998). According to Junid (1986), panel system may be defined as those structures that carry the load through large floor and wall panels. The panels can be made in various forms and materials and are normally prefabricated at factory. Concrete panel systems are extensively used in Europe for high rise building for ease of construction purpose. In Malaysia, this system is slowly gaining popularity in terms of low rise buildings. The products of steel wall panels (refer to Figure 3) are included lightweight steel wall panel, metal wall panel and etc. There are another different concept in classifying the building (refer to Figure 4) that the components shold be used as a basis for building classification hot-rolled steel sections which consists of frame system, panel system and box system (Majzub, 1977). 2.4 Issues of Prefabricated Components usage in warehouse buildings The adoption of prefabricated system which introduced in industrialized building system is still very low in construction industry. Particularly, there are issues regarding to the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. The implementation of prefabrication system in loca